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Objective:The present study was designed to strengthen the education of research integrity, and to improve the awareness of academic misconduct and academic literacy of medical post-graduate students.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted with master post-graduate students of a university affiliated hospital, and statistical analysis on the education of research integrity and the perception of academic misconduct among the survey respondents was performed.Results:Academic master post-graduate students′ cognitions of the misconduct in scientific research process and overall academic misconduct were better than that of professional master post-graduate students, and there were significant differences ( P<0.05). The more times of participation in research integrity training, the better cognition of misconduct of scientific research process, research results publication process, and overall academic misconduct, with significant differences ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The education on scientific research integrity of medical post-graduates should be carried out systematically, while the content should be improved and the form should be enriched for scientific research integrity education, so that the medical post-graduates can have a deeper understanding of the code of academic practices, and an education model of scientific research integrity for medical post-graduate which is suitable for China′s national conditions can be gradually developed.
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Objective:To study the characteristics and patterns of medical research integrity cases reported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, and to explore the countermeasures to strengthen the management of medical research integrity.Methods:20 batches of 555 cases of scientific research integrity cases publicly reported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China from June 2021 to May 2022 were taken as the research objects, and the papers involved, regional distribution, scientific research dishonesty and disciplinary measures were classified and analyzed.Results:Data falsification was the most common problem of scientific research dishonesty, accounting for 47.39%. Shandong Province was the province with the most reported cases, accounting for 50.81%. 27.67% of the corresponding authors received 5 disciplinary measures, and 26.28% of the first authors received 6 disciplinary measures. Among the disciplinary measures, the proportion of suspension of applications for various scientific research projects was the highest, with 87.60% of corresponding authors and 91.42% of first authors receiving this punishment. The corresponing authors with 5 years suspension accounted for 49.24% of all years, and the first authors accounted for 57.48%.Conclusions:To promote the integrity governance of medical research, we should strengthen the supervision of medical journals, promote regional exchanges, encourage active error correction, and improve the construction of scientific research integrity database.
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Durante a pandemia de covid-19, foi observado um aumento expressivo do número de publicações (artigos e preprints), que levou ao rápido compartilhamento de informações e incentivou a discussão sobre a integridade científica na geração do conhecimento durante emergências sanitárias. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de realizar uma breve análise do cenário referente à integridade em pesquisa em publicações em saúde durante a pandemia de covid-19. Para isso, fizemos uma pesquisa documental em sites de organizações com histórico de promoção da cultura da integridade. Verificamos como a urgência de geração de conhecimento acelerou, de forma positiva, o debate sobre ética e integridade em pesquisa e ciência aberta. Por outro lado, esse contexto expôs pontos críticos, como práticas questionáveis e/ou fraude em pesquisa. Ações educativas em instituições de pesquisa que visem à implementação e à manutenção da cultura da integridade podem contribuir significativamente para transformações positivas no sistema de pesquisa
During the covid-19 pandemic, a significant increase in the number of publications (articles and preprints) was observed, which led to the rapid sharing of information and encouraged the discussion about scientific integrity in the generation of knowledge during health emergencies. In this sense, the present work aims to analyze research integrity in health publications during the covid-19 pandemic. For this goal, we conducted documentary research on websites of organizations that promote the culture of research integrity. We verified how the urgency of generating knowledge positively accelerated the debate on ethics and integrity in research and open science. On the other hand, this context exposed critical points, such as questionable research practices, and/or research fraud. Educational actions in research institutions aimed at implementing and maintaining a culture of integrity can significantly contribute to positive changes in the research system.
Durante la pandemia de covid-19, se observó un aumento en el número de publicaciones (artículos y preprints), lo que condujo al rápido intercambio de información y fomentó la discusión sobre la integridad científica en la generación de conocimiento durante las emergencias sanitarias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un análisis sobre la integridad de la investigación en publicaciones de salud durante la pandemia de covid-19. Realizamos una investigación documental en sitios web de organizaciones con trayectoria en la promoción de una cultura de integridad. Comprobamos cómo la urgencia de generar conocimiento aceleró positivamente el debate sobre ética e integridad en la investigación y la ciencia abierta, pero expuso puntos críticos, tales como prácticas cuestionables y/o fraude de investigación. Las acciones educativas en instituciones de investigación dirigidas a implementar y mantener una cultura de integridad pueden contribuir a cambios positivos en el sistema de investigación.
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Humans , Information Dissemination , Ethics, Research , Open Access Publishing , COVID-19 , Communication , Access to Information , Education , PreprintABSTRACT
Responsabilização (accountability) em comunicação e editoração científica é um importante tema em ética e integridade em pesquisa, e um dos grandes desafios atuais da ciência. Este artigo apresenta um estudo descritivo sobre a responsabilização e os seus atores na comunicação científica (autores, revisores, editores), partindo da questão da responsabilização desses atores e das más condutas científicas vista por editores de revista SciELO do Brasil e de países da América Latina. Apresenta resultados a partir da visão dos editores em que os autores são responsáveis, e, parcialmente, os revisores e os próprios editores
Accountability in scientific communication and publishing is an important topic in ethics and research integrity, and one of the great challenges of science today. This article presents a descriptive study on accountability and its actors in scientific communication (authors, reviewers, editors), starting from the issue of accountability of these actors and from the scientific misconducts viewed by SciELO journals editors in Brazil and Latin America. Based on the editors' view, it stands that the authors are responsible, and the reviewers and the editors are partially responsible
La responsabilidad (accountability) en la comunicación y publicación científica es un tema importante en la ética y la integridad en la investigación, y uno de los grandes desafíos de la ciencia actual. Este artículo presenta un estudio descriptivo sobre la responsabilidad y sus actores en la comunicación científica (autores, revisores, editores), a partir de la cuestión de responsabilidad de estos actores y de las malas conductas científicas vista por los editores de revista SciELO en Brasil y en países de América Latina. Presenta resultados en la visión de los editores de que los autores son responsables, y los revisores y los propios editores son parcialmente responsables.
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Humans , Publishing , Scientific Misconduct , Duty to Warn , Communication , Ethics, Research , Quality Control , Science , Periodical , Editorial PoliciesABSTRACT
@#Research integrity is manifested thru the use of honest and verifiable research methods with adherence to accepted professional codes. Recently, trustworthiness in research has been challenged by various forms of research misconduct, such as analytical flexibility, data dredging, HARKing (hypothesis after research knowledge), plagiarism, and selective and distorted reporting. Drivers of research misconduct have been identified as institutional--publication incentives to pursue a career, researcher--metric of success is publication volume, and the journal-- more likely to accept papers with positive. The open-access mode propelling the proliferation of predatory journals is causing a dilemma to sound research reporting. Measures were established to curtail research integrity challenges, such as study registration, open data, common reporting standards, a team of rivals, and blind analysis. This report will elaborate and provide insight into what influenced research misconduct, how it can be mitigated, and how to maintain a credible research environment.
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Scientific Misconduct , Predatory Journals as TopicABSTRACT
Objective:To understand the cognition of research integrity of in-service medical staff in a tertiary hospital in Xinjiang, provide possible reference for research integrity training.Methods:In March 2021, an electronic questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the knowledge of scientific research integrity of in-service medical staff in a tertiary hospital in Xinjiang. T test and analysis of variance were used for univariate analysis, and multiple linear regression was used for multivariate analysis.Results:550 valid questionnaires were collected in total, and the overall awareness rate of scientific research integrity of in-service medical staff was less than 60%. Univariate analysis showed that there were differences in cognitive score of scientific research integrity among medical staff who participating in different scientific research activities ( P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the educational level of the in-service medical staff, whether they participated in scientific research training, whether they had the qualifications of graduate student supervisor, the interaction between educational level and participation in scientific research training was statistically significant ( P<0.05). LSD test of educational level and participation in scientific research training showed that there was a statistically significant difference in educational level of participation in scientific research training ( P<0.01). Conclusions:The cognition of research integrity on in-service medical staff in a tertiary hospital in Xinjiang need to be enhanced, and their knowledge of research integrity need to be improved. Various measures should be carried out to strengthen the research integrity education and training, so as to improve the level of medical staff’s cognition of research integrity, and improve the medical staff’s attitudes of research integrity.
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Objective:To understand the cognition of scientific research integrity of the authors of scientific and technological papers in a grade A tertiary hospital, the necessity and relevant needs of carrying out scientific research integrity construction, and provide a reference for improving the construction of relevant scientific research integrity system in the hospital.Methods:A questionnaire was used to survey 746 people who had published scientific and technological papers in a grade A tertiary hospital from 2016 to 2021, and the influencing factors of scientific research integrity cognition and construction were analyzed via a generalized linear model.Results:The overall awareness rate of scientific research integrity cognition of scientific papers was 76.72%, and the overall necessity rate of scientific research integrity construction was 77.75%. Generalized linear model analysis showed that other degrees refer to a doctor's degree, associate senior title, intermediate title, refer to junior title, or no title were negatively correlated with the cognition of scientific research integrity ( P<0.05), other ages refer to ≤30 years old, middle-level and above positions refer to no position, postgraduate mentor refer to non-postgraduate mentor, senior title refer to junior title or no title, postgraduate, nursing, administrative and research personnel refer to medical technology and pharmacy personnel, and presiding projects refer to no presiding project experience were positively related to scientific research integrity cognition ( P<0.05). Bachelor′s degree and no degree refer to doctor′s degree, associate senior and intermediate titles refer to junior title or no title were negatively related to the necessity of scientific research integrity construction ( P<0.05), middle level and above positions refer to no position, postgraduate, nursing and research personnel refer to medical technology and pharmacy personnel, were positively related to the necessity of scientific research integrity construction ( P<0.05). Behaviors with less than 60% cognition of scientific research integrity included the ethical problems of artificial intelligence, the ethical problems of stem cells, the problems of human genetic resources, and the definition of unauthorized human living drug and medical technology experiments. Conclusions:The hospital will take publicity and education as the basis, system norms as the criteria, daily supervision as the starting point, evaluation system as the core, carry forward the spirit of scientists, improve and implement the construction of the hospital's scientific research integrity system and supervision system, strengthen the integrity management of the whole process of scientific research activities, and guide medical personnel to practice excellent scientific research style and style of study.
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Objective:Through text mining, to clarify the change characteristics and evolution patterns of China's scientific research integrity policies, thereby providing a reference basis for the formulation and implementation of medical scientific research integrity governance policies.Methods:Using cost-CM6 and SPSS software, co-word analysis, social semantic network, and cluster analysis methods, data mining was conducted on 297 national scientific research integrity policy texts from 2002 to 2021.Results:China′s research integrity policies have experienced three development stages: academic ethics construction period(2002-2008), research integrity construction period(2009-2015), and academic environment optimization period(2016-2021), with the rapid development of both quantity and quality of policies, gradual clarification of rules for investigation and handling of research integrity cases, continuous improvement of accountability mechanism, and more powerful disciplinary measures for dishonesty. The construction of scientific research integrity formed a joint force pattern under the leadership of the central government and coordinated governance of multiple departments. Research misconduct incidents and public concern accelerated the improvement of the scientific research credibility policy system. Adhere to" no exclusion zone, full coverage, zero tolerance" has become the work guide of scientific research integrity governance.Conclusions:It is suggested to continuously improve the effectiveness of medical research integrity governance by strengthening medical integrity education and enhancing self-discipline consciousness, improving supervision mechanisms, strengthening process management and plagiarism checking of medical achievements, and adopting a two-pronged approach of " severe punishment" and " good governance" .
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Objective:to understand the current situation of academic research misconduct by analyzing the investigation results of a number of medical scientific research integrity cases, to strengthen the construction of scientific research integrity in medical institutions.Methods:Select the investigation and handling results of 310 medical scientific research integrity cases disclosed by the National Health Commission in 2021, and analyze the basic information of the case papers, the types and characteristics of misconduct behaviors involved, and the handling results of each institution.Results:This batch of problematic papers was widely distributed, including particular hospitals from a certain region or city level hospitals. Identified misconduct included fabrication of the research process, falsification of research data, purchasing, ghost-writing, third-party submission, and inappropriate authorship. Responsible persons were severely punished.Conclusions:Long-term mechanism for the prevention of academic misconduct should be established with collaboration among administrative department, medical institutions and research personnel, to deal with academic misconduct more systematically.
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COVID-19 promises to reshape every aspect of society, not excluding how science is perceived.However, it is not clear whether the authority of science and scientists will be enhanced or diminished, or whether such changes will affect mainly science as an endeavour or scientists as individuals. The aim of this paper is to analyzehow a pandemic like COVID-19 could undermined the confidence in science and scientist and, to underline now, more thanever, the importance of trust in science and in scientists. Two main issues will be analyzed: first, we will analyzehow putting science and scientists in the spotlight could impact science and scientists and, secondly, we will go through the history of COVID treatment and research to anticipate how misconduct and breaches on responsible conduct in research could undermine trust in science with serious risks and consequences.
A pandemia da COVID-19 terá influências indeléveis em todos os sectores da sociedade, não excluindo a forma como a ciência é percecionada. No entanto, hoje, não se sabe como a confiança na ciência e nos cientistas será afectada pela pandemia e se tais mudanças afetarão principalmente a ciência como um empreendimento ou os cientistas como indivíduos. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar como uma pandemia como a COVID-19 pode afectar a confiança na ciência e nos cientistas e sublinhar, numa alturatão crítica para todos, a importância da confiança na ciência e nos cientistas. Duas questões principais serão analisadas: primeiro, como o facto de colocar a ciência e os cientistas no centro das atenções e das decisões poderá impactar a forma como a sociedade confia e acredita na ciência e nos cientistas e, em segundo lugar, a história dos progressos e retrocessos nos tratamentos e na investigação científica sobre a pandemia para, desse modo, destacarmos-mos a importância da integridade científica e, mais de que nunca, da necessidade de condutas responsáveis em investigação.
La COVID-19 promete remodelar todos los aspectos de la sociedad, sin excluir cómo se percibe laciencia. Sin embargo, no está claro si la autoridad de la ciencia y los científicos aumentará o disminuirá, o si tales cambios afectarán principalmente a la ciencia como esfuerzo o a los científicos como individuos.El objetivo de este trabajo es analizarcómo una pandemia como COVID-19 podría socavar la confianza en la ciencia y los científicos y, subrayar ahora, más que nunca, la importancia de la confianza en la ciencia y en los científicos. Dos temas principales serán los que analizar: primero, analizaremos cómo poner a la ciencia y los científicos en el centro de atención podría impactar a la ciencia y los científicos y, en segundo lugar, repasaremos la historia del tratamiento y la investigación de COVID para anticipar cómo la mala conducta y las infracciones a la conducta responsable. en la investigación podría socavar la confianza en la ciencia con graves riesgos y consecuencias.
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Objective:To respond to the national requirements on the construction of research integrity, and improve the capacity building of research integrity at hospitals.Methods:Dealing with research integrity problems identified at hospital before 2018, measurements that include " policy and procedures development, standardization of the management of scientific research activities, and optimizing the scientific and technological evaluation system" were adopted to promote the construction of research integrity. Such corrective activities were monitored to summarize experiences and lessons for the continuing improvement of research integrity construction.Results:Both " heteronomy" and " self-discipline" of research integrity have been sublimated simultaneously, at the same time, a tailored research integrity management system with the characteristics of local hospitals has been established.Conclusions:Updating institutional policy and procedures, taking paper management as a priority, as well as research integrity training, these measurements played important roles in promoting the research integrity capacity building at hospitals.
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Objective:To understand the cognition of scientific research integrity of applicants of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and the necessity of developing scientific research integrity construction.Methods:Questionnaire survey was used to collect information from 121 applicants who had applied for the NSFC from 2016 to 2020, collected data were statistically analyzed.Results:The cognitive average score of scientific research integrity knowledge of NSFC applicants was (287.03±49.45) points, and the overall awareness rate was 80.44%. The average score of the necessity of scientific research integrity construction work was (20.71±3.59) points, and the overall necessity rate 87.27%; educational background, position title, and experience as principle investigator are factors that affect the perception of integrity, while educational background, position, job category, and research management experience of a project are factors that affect the necessity of scientific research integrity construction. Behaviors with less than 70% of scientific research integrity behaviors include stem cell ethical issues, genetic technology ethical issues, human genetic resources issues, conditions for secondary publication, and use of official cards for settlement.Conclusions:The hospital should strengthen the scientific research integrity knowledge training of NSFC and other project applicants. On the basis of giving full play to the supervision role of relying units, the hospital will improve the relevant system of scientific research integrity, improve the construction of scientific research integrity at the same time, carry out classified evaluation, and put an end to scientific research misconduct from the source.
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The clinical research is an important cornerstone of medical innovation and development.In the past decade,there have been some breakthrough achievements in the field of urological clinical research internationally.However,there is still a large gap between Chinese urological clinical research and the international level.Urologists across China should improve the clinical research to a new level of awareness,starting with the idea of patients' expectation being our concern,and making clinical research our priority.The multi-center clinical research should be the priority,involving the real-world study,prospective randomized controlled trails,translational medicine,and artificial intelligence,etc.The standardized method must be adopted and the integrity of scientific research should be concerned in the process of clinical research.The clinical research results should not only be published in the international journals,but more importantly be published in the domestic journals.The proposal of "publishing the studies on the land of our motherland" should be vigorously advocated.
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Objective This paper aimed to discuss the construction strategy to promote research integrity in medical science from the perspective of hospital research administrators,and to provide theoretical basis for fulfilling the national strategic requirement of implementing "Scientific research integrity construction ".Methods Analyze and summarize the connotation,manifestations,causes and countermeasures of research integrity and research misconduct.Results The misconduct in medical scientific research occurred in various aspects,including scientific research projects,research papers,scientific achievements and other different stages.Behind reasons include weak sense of research integrity,lack of moral integrity education and training,improper academic evaluation system,lack of sound supervision,reward and punishment mechanism,etc.Conclusions A lot of strategies could adopted to promote the construction of research integrity and development of medical scientific research,for instance,strengthening scientific research integrity education,establishing a multi-dimensional evaluation system,improving the supervision,reward and punishment mechanism of scientific research integrity,as well as promote a better scientific research atmosphere.
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Objective To understand the current situation of education and management of research integrity in hospitals,medical colleges and medical research institutes.Methods A questionnaire survey and data analysis were conducted among 115 management personnel of scientific research and education management departments in 40 hospitals,medical colleges and medical research institutes.Results 69.57％ of the management personnel showed their institutions were able to offer courses related to academic norms or research integrity,71.30％ of the management personnel showed their institutions have formulated punishment regulations related to violating academic integrity or ethics,and 59.13％ of the management personnel showed their institutions were able to take the initiative to impose punishment measures after identification research misconduct,more than50％ of the management personnel agree it is very necessary to promulgate corresponding rules and regulations,establish research integrity files,implement the one-vote veto system for those who seriously violate research integrity,and carry out research integrity education/academic ethics training/normative education among researchers,more than 70％ of the management personnel believe that system constraints,integrity education,increasing penalties,clear responsibilities,supervision and whistleblowing can reasonably and effectively prevent violations of research integrity.Conclusions The education and management of research integrity in hospitals,medical colleges and medical research institutes need to be improved.We should further strengthen the education,training and dissemination of research integrity,improve the cognitive level and self-discipline awareness of research integrity,formulate and improve relevant management systems,supervisory and disciplinary mechanisms.Then,we should purify academic atmosphere and create a good academic atmosphere.
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Objective This paper discussed the implementation effect of medical research integrity and related code of conduct in a general hospital in xinjiang,to provide theoretical basis for the construction of medical research integrity.Methods According to the gap analysis theory,a questionnaire was designed for satisfaction with the implementation effect of medical research integrity and related code of conduct in the hospital.101 researchers in the hospital were surveyed to understand their evaluation on various aspects of the hospital's scientific research integrity construction policies and the space for improvement.Results The gap analysis showed that the hospital has a large gap in the construction of "institutional construction of scientific research integrity management " and "methods and regulations for dealing with academic misconduct",which were urgently need to be improved in the scientific research integrity construction.Conclusions The hospital should further improve the system of scientific research integrity construction,combine the characteristics of medical development and the corresponding national policy development,strengthen the innovation of scientific research management,create a healthy and positive environment for scientific research activities,and promote the comprehensive construction and long-term development of scientific research integrity construction.
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Objective To understand the status quo of scientific research integrity cognition and the satisfaction of scientific research integrity construction among medical research management workers.Methods The questionnaire survey was conducted,115 management workers for research and education from medical schools,research institutes and hospitals were surveyed,and statistic data analysis was conducted.Results The average score of scientific research management workers' knowledge was (43.09± 10.41),and the overall awareness rate was 46.77％;Factors that influencing the cognition of integrity include academic qualifications,professional titles,project hosting or participation,paper publication,paper reviewing,and project/science and technology achievement review experience.The overall satisfaction of the status quo of scientific research integrity construction were 41.65％.Medical research management workers thought that the main factors influencing scientific research integrity in medical field were academic evaluation system (81.74％),social environment (78.26％),personal achievement motivation (76.52％) and self-moral accomplishment (73.04％).Conclusions The cognition level of scientific research integrity of medical scientific research management workers is not enough,and the satisfaction of scientific research integrity construction should be improved.It is suggested to strengthen the training and learning of scientific research integrity knowledge of medical scientific research management workers,and enhance the integrity literacy and concept;departments at all levels working together to strengthen the construction of scientific research integrity,update the academic evaluation mechanism,and cultivate a good cultural atmosphere of scientific research integrity.
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Objective To analyze the reasons for the retraction of journal papers after publishing,take preventive measures,provide countermeasures for establishing research integrity.Methods Search the PubMed Database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) with search type "Retracted Publication" [Publication Type] OR "Retraction of Publication" [Publication Type],from 2016/01/01 to 2017/06/01,to acquire the retracted publications,and to summarize the reasons for retraction.Results Initially extracted 1 098 results,and ultimately 895 papers were included in the analysis.The reasons for retraction were divided into two categories:unintentional errors and academic misconduct.The main reasons of academic misconduct were fabrication and falsification,accounted for 30.17％,followed by plagiarism,accounted for 20.22％.Conclusions Main reason for the retraction of journal papers was academic misconduct.We can establish scientific integrity through the following ways,such as strengthening the research ethics education and enhancing the awareness of research integrity;improving the scientific evaluation system and creating free atmosphere of scientific research;establishing long-term system of management,supervision and punishment of scientific research;taking rigorous review of manuscripts by editor.
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The training of clinical theory and scientific research thinking is very important for postgraduates of neurology,however,of which,problems are existing,such as the low level of scientific research and the imperfect system.Based on the experience of postgraduate training in the hospital,the authors put forward some improving measures,specifically,to arouse the interest of scientific research,to build the scope of scientific research,to improve the comprehensive strength of personal scientific research,to establish the guarantee mechanism of scientific research and to perfect the system of graduation evaluation.Practice shows that these measures has promoted the enthusiasm and subjective initiative of neuroscience academic postgraduates for scientific research,improved the quality of postgraduate education,and formed a certain basic and clinical research output.
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Resumen La retracción es un mecanismo que permite la corrección de la literatura científica. Este artículo pretende demostrar que las retracciones han aumentado de manera progresiva, y sobresalen las del ámbito médico. Metodológicamente es un artículo de revisión bibliográfica, cuyos datos estadísticos se obtuvieron de estudios sobre artículos retractados, publicados entre el 2012 y el 2017, en inglés, desde las bases de datos de PubMed y Google Scholar. Entre los resultados sobresalientes se encuentran como causas más frecuentes de retracción: plagio, mala conducta, errores, fabricación y duplicación. La mayor incidencia reportada fue en Estados Unidos (EE. UU.), India, China, Japón y Alemania. El mayor índice de retracción fue para las revistas de factor de impacto bajo. El tiempo transcurrido para la retracción es largo, aunque ha disminuido. Esto permite que se citen estos artículos y se origine así una mala ciencia. Se concluye que se requiere de uniformidad en las notas y las reglas de retracción, así como señalizar de forma adecuada los artículos retractados, además de disminuir el tiempo para que esta se efectúe. En relación con la bioética, se revela un grave problema en la integridad de la literatura científica, así como un posible impacto de las retracciones en la salud de las personas.
Abstract Retraction is a mechanism to correct scientific literature. This article aims to demonstrate that retractions have gradually increased, especially in the medical field. Methodologically, it is a literature review article whose statistical data were obtained from studies on retraction articles published in English between 2012 to 2017 in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Some of the most frequent causes of retraction found were plagiarism, misconduct, errors, fabrication and duplication. The highest incidence rate was reported in the United States, India, China, Japan and Germany. The highest retraction rate was for low-impact journals. The time for retraction is long but has decreased, which allows these articles to be cited and bad science to arise. It is concluded that uniformity is needed in notes and rules of retraction, retracted articles should be marked appropriately, and time for retraction must be reduced. In relation to bioethics, there is a serious problem in the integrity of scientific literature and a possible impact of retractions on the health of people.
Resumo A retratação é um mecanismo que permite a correção da literatura científica. Este artigo pretende demonstrar que as retratações vêm aumentando e que as do âmbito médico têm se ressaltado. Trata-se de um artigo de revisão bibliográfica, cujos dados estatísticos foram obtidos de estudos sobre artigos retratados, publicados entre 2012 e 2017, em inglês, das bases de dados de PubMed e Google Scholar. Entre os resultados destacados, encontram-se como causas mais frequentes de retratação: plágio, má conduta, erros, fabricação e duplicação. A maior incidência relatada foi nos Estados Unidos, na Índia, na China, no Japão e na Alemanha. O maior índice de retratação foi para as revistas de fator de impacto baixo. O tempo transcorrido para a retratação é longo, embora tenha diminuído. Isso permite que esses artigos sejam citados e seja originada uma má ciência. Conclui-se que se requer de padronização nas notas de retratação ou erratas, bem como indicar, de forma adequada, os artigos retratados, além de diminuir o tempo para que isso ocorra. Quanto à bioética, revela-se um grave problema na integridade da literatura científica e um possível impacto das retratações na saúde das pessoas.